William Harvey worked out that blood circulates around the body using nothing but arithmetic: the heart could not possibly make enough blood in a day to explain what it was pumping unless the same blood was going round and round. This book tells forty eight experiments that made biology and medicine the way they actually happened: as stories, first, of a person working with the tools they had. Harvey doing the sum that no one had thought to do. Pasteur bending the necks of flasks into curves that let air in but kept dust out, to settle whether life could spring from nothing. Mendel counting twenty-eight thousand pea plants by hand in a monastery garden. John Snow comparing two water companies' supplies, house by house, to show which one was killing people. The streptomycin trial that first split patients into two groups by chance rather than by choice, and changed what a medical trial even is. Each chapter opens with what everyone assumes the experiment proved, then walks through what its own scientist actually built, actually saw and actually wrote down, drawn in an original diagram for this book. Where the popular version has outrun the record, the book says so plainly and names the paper, the notebook or the letter the correction comes from, so a reader can go and check it. Forty eight experiments, four centuries, one throughline: what people think they know about how biology and medicine were discovered, and what the documents actually say.
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